抗生素以前被称为抗菌素，事实上它不仅能杀灭细菌而且对霉菌、支原体、衣原体等其它致病微生物也有良好的抑制和杀灭作用，近年来通常将抗菌素改称为抗生素。抗生素可以是某些微生物生长繁殖过程中产生的一种物质，用于治病的抗生素除由此直接提取外；还有完全用人工合成或部分人工合成的。通俗地讲，抗生素就是用于治疗各种细菌感染或抑制致病微生物感染的药物。 但是过量使用会抑制体内的有益菌，使肠道菌群失衡。导致疾病的引起。 重复使用一种抗生素可能会使致病菌产生抗药性。之所以现在提出杜绝滥用抗生素此乃是原因之一。科学地使用抗生素是有的放矢。通常建议做细菌培养并作药敏试验，根据药敏试验的结果选用极度敏感药物，这样就避免了盲目性，而且也能收到良好的治疗效果。

Antibiotics are one of the main contributors to the increase of human lifetime in the past few decades, since they significantly help control infectious diseases. However, the spread of antibiotic resistance is a growing global problem. The prevalence of bacterial infections that are now recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment has resulted in increasing morbidity and mortality as well as increasing health care costs.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has described antibiotic resistance as “one of the world’s most pressing health problems”, while the World Health Organization (WHO) identified it as “one of the three greatest threats to human health”. The development of antibiotic resistance in various environments has received greater attention in response to the clinical concerns. Currently, relatively little is known about the occurrence, fate and transport of antibiotic residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in various environments including soil and water polluted by agricultural effluents, municipal or septic wastewater, or discharges from antibiotic manufacturing facilities.

What significance anthropogenic activities may have on promoting and disseminating antibiotic resistance in the environment, and what might the efficacy of mitigation measures be is a question of pressing scientific and regulatory concern.

 Venue
Institute of Urban Environment
Chinese Academy of Sciences，Xiamen, China

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